1. Basic Hand Tools:
a. Chisels and Mallets: These tools were used to carve and shape the massive marble blocks used for the Parthenon's construction.
b. Saws: The ancient Greek used saws made from bronze or iron blades set in wooden frames to cut through the marble.
c. Hammers: Various types of hammers, such as sledgehammers and pounders, were used to position and adjust the marble blocks.
2. Measuring and Leveling Devices:
a. Compasses and Measuring Tapes: These tools helped in precise measurements and alignment of the structural components.
b. Spirit Levels: Simple forms of spirit levels, made with water-filled tubes or plumb lines, were used for leveling and ensuring accurate placement of blocks.
3. Lifting Tools:
a. Cranes: Ancient Greeks used wooden cranes, possibly powered by manpower or animal power, to lift and move the heavy marble blocks.
b. Pulleys and Hoisting Mechanisms: Systems of pulleys and ropes were employed for lifting and maneuverability of the construction materials.
4. Carving and Decorative Tools:
a. Drills and Lathes: Drills equipped with abrasive tips made from iron, bronze, or even diamond fragments were used to create holes for dowels used to secure marble blocks. Lathes were utilized for intricate carvings.
b. Scrapers and Files: These tools helped in smoothening and shaping the sculpted elements of the Parthenon, such as the iconic sculptures and architectural ornaments.
5. Scaffolding and Temporary Structures:
a. Wooden Scaffolds: These structures allowed workers to reach higher levels and facilitated construction and decoration at elevated parts of the Parthenon.
b. Supporting Structures: Temporary props and frameworks were built to support components during construction and to ensure their stability until the structure was fully load-bearing.
In addition to these tools, ancient Greek architects and builders utilized advanced techniques such as marble dowels, precision craftsmanship, and engineering methods to create the architectural marvel that the Parthenon still embodies today.
