How did the pioneers cross Columbia river?

- Canoes: Pioneers constructed canoes from hollowed-out logs or bark, which were particularly useful for navigating rivers and calm waters.

-Flatboats: These rectangular boats were commonly used for transporting goods and people. They were flat-bottomed and ideal for shallow waters.

- Rafts: When canoes or boats were unavailable, pioneers resorted to building rafts by lashing together logs or large pieces of wood.

Forts and Trading Posts:

- Fort Vancouver: Established by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1824, Fort Vancouver became a vital trading post and the main hub for early pioneers crossing the Columbia River.

-Astoria: Founded by John Jacob Astor in 1811, Astoria was one of the first settlements in the Pacific Northwest and played a role in facilitating the crossing of the Columbia River.

Native American Assistance:

- Guides: Many Native American tribes, such as the Chinook and Nez Perce, were familiar with the region and provided valuable guidance to the pioneers.

-Canoes: Native Americans often sold or traded canoes to the pioneers, which were essential for navigating the Columbia River.

Bridges:

-Bridge of the Gods: Completed in 1914, the Bridge of the Gods was a historic suspension bridge that spanned the Columbia River between Washington and Oregon.

-Longview Bridge: Constructed in 1930, the Longview Bridge became the first bridge to cross the Columbia River in Washington state.

Ferries:

-Steamboat Ferries: Steamboats were used to transport people and freight across the river.

-Cable Ferries: Prior to the construction of bridges, cable ferries were used to move wagons, livestock, and people across the river by suspending a platform on cables supported by towers on both sides.

With the arrival of the railway systems, the construction of major bridges, and the subsequent improvement of transportation infrastructures, crossing the Columbia River became more convenient, efficient, and safer for settlers traveling westward.