What is demographic transition?

Demographic transition refers to the process of transformation in a country's population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over a long period. Essentially, it entails a shift from a predominantly rural, agrarian society to a more urban, industrialized society. Here is a breakdown of the phases of demographic transition:

Stage 1: High Stationary Stage

- High birth and death rates

- Low population growth rate due to a balance between births and deaths

- Limited access to healthcare, poor sanitation, and a lack of public health measures

- Agrarian society with limited technological advancements

Stage 2: Early Expanding Stage

- Birth rates remain high, while death rates begin to decline

- Population growth rate starts to increase

- Improved healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition lead to a decrease in mortality rates

Stage 3: Late Expanding Stage

- Birth rates begin to decline as socioeconomic development occurs

- Mortality rates continue to decline

- Population growth rate reaches a peak

Stage 4: Low Stationary Stage

- Both birth and death rates are low, leading to a stable population growth rate

- Countries typically have fully industrialized economies and high living standards

Stage 5: Declining Stage

- Fertility rates (birth rates) may fall below replacement level (around 2.1 children per woman)

- Population growth slows or even declines if fertility rates remain low

- Countries may experience an aging population

The demographic transition theory provides insights into the changes in population dynamics and their impact on economic and societal development. It aids policymakers, sociologists, and economists in understanding and addressing issues related to population growth, urbanization, and sustainable development.