How Laws Are Made in Zimbabwe

The legislative process involves Parliament (National Assembly & Senate), the President, and the Constitutional Court:

1. Bill Introduction: By MP or Minister; drafted by relevant ministry; requires Attorney-General's constitutional compliance certificate.
2. First Reading: Title read; no debate.
3. Second Reading: Debate on principles; vote.
4. Committee Stage: Detailed clause-by-clause review; amendments.
5. Report Stage: Debate/vote on amendments.
6. Third Reading: Final debate; vote; sent to Senate.
7. Senate: Similar three-reading process; amendments possible.
8. Presidential Assent: President signs (assent), withholds, or returns for reconsideration.
9. Publication: Gazette publication makes it law.
10. Constitutional Review: 21-day window for Constitutional Court challenge.
11. Judicial Review: High Court can review legality/rights compliance.