- Timbuktu: Timbuktu was a major center of trade and learning in the Songhai Empire. It was located at the crossroads of several trade routes and was known for its markets, mosques, and universities.
- Kano: Kano was an important market town in the Hausa kingdoms. It was located at the edge of the Sahara Desert and served as a hub for trade between the desert and the forest regions of West Africa.
- Benin City: Benin City was the capital of the Kingdom of Benin. It was a major center for the trade of ivory, pepper, and slaves. Benin City was also known for its bronze sculptures and other metalwork.