- Madagascar is located near the equator, ranging from about 12° to 26° south of the equator. The equatorial position means that the island receives continuous solar radiation throughout the year.
2. Trade Winds:
- The trade winds, which are steady winds that blow from east to west in the tropics, play a crucial role in shaping Madagascar's climate. These winds bring warm, moist air from the Indian Ocean and deposit moisture on the eastern coast of the island, leading to abundant rainfall.
3. Ocean Currents:
- The warm Agulhas Current that flows along the eastern coast of Africa influences Madagascar's climate by transporting warm water from the Indian Ocean toward the island. This current contributes to the overall warming of the region and influences precipitation patterns.
4. Seasonal Differences:
- While Madagascar has a tropical climate, there are some seasonal differences. The rainy season typically lasts from December to April, influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brings heavy rainfall to the island's eastern coast. The dry season occurs from May to November and is characterized by reduced rainfall and drier conditions.
5. Topography and Microclimates:
- The topography of Madagascar, with its mountainous interiors and coastal plains, creates distinct microclimates around the island. The central highlands experience cooler temperatures compared to the coastal regions due to increased altitude. The eastern slopes of the mountains receive the highest rainfall, while the western regions are drier due to the rain shadow effect.
In conclusion, Madagascar's tropical climate is primarily influenced by its location near the equator, the prevailing trade winds, the warm ocean currents, seasonal variations, and the topography of the island. These factors combine to create a tropical, warm, and humid climate with distinct wet and dry seasons.
