* Communicable diseases: Communicable diseases are the leading cause of death in Africa, accounting for over half of all deaths. The most common communicable diseases are malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, and respiratory infections.
* Non-communicable diseases: Non-communicable diseases are also becoming a major health problem in Africa, due to factors such as changing lifestyles, increasing urbanization, and an ageing population. The most common non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases.
* Mental health: Mental health is a neglected health issue in Africa, with limited resources and services available. The most common mental health conditions are depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.
* Maternal and child health: Maternal and child health is a major concern in Africa, with high rates of maternal and infant mortality. The main causes of maternal death are haemorrhage, sepsis, obstructed labour, and eclampsia. The main causes of infant death are prematurity, low birth weight, and diarrhoea.
* Nutrition: Nutrition is a major challenge in Africa, with over half of the population suffering from malnutrition. The most common forms of malnutrition are protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency.
