The civilization that comprised ancient Egypt emerged around 3,100 B.C. Believed to be the world's oldest civilization, ancient Egypt was ruled by pharaohs, who were worshipped as gods and divine rulers. Culture was based on religion and mythology, and the afterlife was thought to be just as important as life itself. Innovative construction methods and a sophisticated bureaucratic system paved the way for the elaborate tombs, pyramids and temples that continue to make a mark on Egyptian society today. The ancient Egyptian civilization came to an end when the Persians defeated the last pharaoh, King Nectanebo II, in 343 B.C.
A host of activities and sights offer Nile River cruise guests a unique experience. Cruises may visit Abu Simbel, a temple built by Ramses II; the temple of Aswan; Temple of Kom Ombo, from the Ptolemaic dynasty; the palace of Luxor; and the Temple of Edfu, which once housed the golden statue of Horus. On the West Bank lies the Valley of the Kings, Temple of Hatshepsut and Colossi of Memmon. Visitors also may enjoy viewing rural areas and merchant centers where people live and farm much like they did for the last few centuries.
Most North African people surrounding the Nile River speak the official language of Egypt---Arabic. The Egyptian Tourist Authority reports that many residents also speak English. Islam is the predominant religion, but about 16 percent of Egypt's 72 million people practice Christianity. During Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, visitors will find that Muslims fast from dawn until sunset. Following their evening meal during Ramadan, Muslims will take to the streets in celebration until sunrise.
Guides serve as a critical resource for knowledge of Egyptian history and provide visitors with key information about traveling, Egyptian culture and sightseeing. Many tour guides aboard Nile River cruises speak multiple languages, including Arabic, English, Spanish and French.
Civilization in northern Africa concentrates along the Nile River valley, which offers much more fertile soil than the Arabian desert to the east and the Libyan Desert to the west. From March to November, the summer climate is hot and dry. Temperatures usually top 100 degrees during the day, but often hover around 50 degrees in the evening. In the winter, temperatures average from 57 in the evening to 86 during the day.
