1. Portugal: Portugal was one of the earliest European powers to arrive in Southeast Asia, establishing colonies in present-day Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore in the 16th century.
2. Spain: Spain also established a presence in Southeast Asia, with colonies in the Philippines and Guam.
3. Netherlands: The Netherlands had a significant colonial empire in Southeast Asia, with colonies in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.
4. United Kingdom: The British Empire held colonies in Burma (present-day Myanmar), Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei.
5. France: France established colonies in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, which were collectively known as French Indochina.
These European countries variously ruled their Southeast Asian colonies during periods ranging from the 1500s to the mid-20th century.
