What Seas Surround Mesopotamia?

Mesopotamia ("Land Between the Rivers") is not surrounded by seas. It is defined by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their alluvial plain in modern Iraq, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and southwestern Iran.

The rivers flow southeast and converge at the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf. To the west lies the Syrian Desert; to the east, the Zagros Mountains; to the north, the Anatolian plateau. The only marine boundary is the Persian Gulf at its southern outlet.

Historically, "Mesopotamia" referred specifically to the riverine corridor and floodplain—not a coastal territory.