Who Can Use the Panama Canal? All Nations—Non-Discriminatory Access

The Panama Canal operates under a non-discriminatory, open-access regime. Any nation's vessels may transit under equal terms.

Legal Basis

• Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) / Torrijos–Carter Treaties (1977) — guarantee neutrality.
• Panama Canal Authority (ACP) — autonomous Panamanian agency manages operations since 1999.
• Tolls & Rules: Published, uniform for all flags. Based on vessel type, size, cargo (PC/UMS tonnage).

Requirements

• Vessel meets safety/design standards (Panamax / Neopanamax).
• Advance booking (admeasurement, transit slot).
• Compliance with ACP regulations (pilots, tugs, communications).
• Payment of tolls (credit, surety bond, or cash).

No Political Restrictions

Ships from countries with no diplomatic relations with Panama or the US transit routinely. The Canal is a global commons for maritime trade.

Stats

• ~13,000–14,000 transits/year.
• 6% of global maritime trade.
• Top users: US, China, Japan, Chile, South Korea.