- Defense against Invasions: City-states were often surrounded by rivals and potential invaders. Walls provided a physical barrier to protect against attacks and invasions, making it difficult for enemies to enter and conquer the city.
- Deterrent to Potential Aggressors: The presence of fortifications discouraged potential aggressors from attempting an attack. The sight of formidable walls served as a visual deterrent, suggesting the city's strength and preparedness for defense.
- Controlled Entry and Exit Points: Walls allowed for the regulation and control of movement into and out of the city. This helped maintain security, prevent unauthorized access, and monitor trade and travel.
Economic and Commercial Interests:
- Protection of Trade and Commerce: City-states were often hubs of trade and commerce. Walls helped protect merchants, traders, and their goods from bandits, robbers, and other threats along trade routes.
- Collection of Duties and Taxes: Walls enabled the imposition of tariffs, taxes, and customs duties on goods entering or leaving the city. This provided a significant source of revenue for the city-state.
- Encouragement of Settlement and Economic Activity: The presence of secure walls encouraged settlement and economic activity within the city. People were more likely to establish businesses and reside in a place they perceived as safe and protected.
Territorial Claims:
- Demarcation of Territory: Walls helped define and delineate the territorial boundaries of the city-state. They served as physical markers that symbolized the extent of the city's authority and influence.
- Assertion of Power and Prestige: Impressive and well-fortified walls were often seen as symbols of power, prestige, and prosperity. They showcased the city-state's strength and served as a source of pride for its inhabitants.
Social and Political Cohesion:
- Sense of Community and Identity: Walls fostered a sense of unity and belonging among the citizens. They created a distinct physical boundary that set the city apart from the surrounding areas and contributed to the development of a shared identity.
- Control and Maintenance: The construction and maintenance of walls required collective effort and resources from the community. This cooperation strengthened social bonds and encouraged citizens to work together for the common good.
