Why City‑States Built Walls

Protection & Security

• Defense against invasions; walls as physical barriers.
• Deterrent—formidable appearance discouraged attacks.
• Controlled entry/exit for security, trade monitoring.

Economic & Commercial Interests

• Protected merchants and goods from bandits.
• Enabled tariff/tax collection on goods.
• Encouraged settlement and business by providing safety.

Territorial Claims

• Demarcated city boundaries.
• Symbolized power, prestige, prosperity.

Social & Political Cohesion

• Fostered shared identity and community.
• Construction/maintenance required collective effort, strengthening bonds.