Why were Italy and japan both dissatisfied with the peace settlements provided in treaty of Versailles?

Italy and Japan were both dissatisfied with the peace settlement provided in the Treaty of Versailles for several reasons:

Italy:

- Territorial Disappointments: Italy had territorial claims in the Adriatic region, specifically the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia), which it had desired as part of its post-war expansionist ambitions. However, the Treaty of Versailles assigned Fiume to the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (later part of Yugoslavia), causing resentment and dissatisfaction in Italy.

- Lack of Colonial Gains: Italy had hoped to acquire colonial territories as a reward for its participation in the war. However, the Treaty of Versailles did not grant Italy significant colonial gains, which contrasted with the substantial territorial gains of other Allied powers like France and the United Kingdom. This left a sense of dissatisfaction and a perceived lack of recognition for Italy's contributions.

Japan:

- Racial Equality Clause: Japan strongly objected to the inclusion of the racial equality clause in the Treaty of Versailles. This clause stated that all signatory nations agreed to "equality of treatment" and "reciprocal rights" for their citizens. Japan felt that this clause challenged its racial policies, particularly the idea of Japanese racial superiority, and infringed on its sovereignty. The clause was highly unpopular in Japan, leading to discontent and disillusionment.

- Shantung Province: Japan had occupied the German-leased territory of Shantung Province in China during the war and expected to keep control of it based on secret wartime agreements with Britain, France, and Italy. However, the Treaty of Versailles transferred the province's control back to China, dashing Japanese hopes. This fueled a sense of betrayal and resentment in Japan, further fueling dissatisfaction with the treaty.

The discontent and dissatisfaction of both Italy and Japan with the Treaty of Versailles contributed to broader developments that led to the outbreak of World War II.