- Arctic Ocean (to the north)
- Barents Sea (to the northeast)
- Norwegian Sea (to the west and northwest)
- North Atlantic Ocean (to the southwest)
Southern borders:
- Mediterranean Sea (to the south)
- Black Sea (to the southeast)
- Caspian Sea (to the east)
Eastern borders:
- Ural Mountains
- Caucasus Mountains
- Caspian Sea
Western borders:
- Atlantic Ocean
- Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France)
- Alps (between France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia)
- Carpathian Mountains (between Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania)
- Balkan Mountains (between Bulgaria and Serbia)