- Spices, including cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and ginger. These were originally grown in India and Indonesia, but were introduced to Europe by Arab traders. Spices were highly sought after by Europeans for their use as a flavoring in food, medicine, and cosmetics.
- Sugar, which was originally grown in India. Sugar was a luxury in Europe, and was used in making sweets and other luxury foods.
- Silk, which was originally produced in China. Silk textiles were highly prized by Europeans for their beauty and durability.
- Cotton, which was also originally produced in India. Cotton was used in the production of textiles and other household goods in Europe.
- Coffee, which originated in Africa. Coffee was not widely used in Europe until the 17th century, but quickly became a popular drink.
- Oranges and lemons, which are native to Southeast Asia. These citrus fruits were introduced to Europe by the Portuguese in the 15th century.
- Paper, which was originally developed in China. Paper was introduced to Europe by the Arabs in the 11th century, and quickly became the standard writing material.