Political Subordination: Mexico, under Spanish rule, was governed by the Spanish viceroy and appointed officials, who marginalized and excluded local elites from holding significant political positions. This caused resentment among the educated elite, who sought greater political autonomy and influence.
Social Discrimination: Creole elites, who were of European descent but born in Mexico, faced social and legal discrimination compared to Spanish-born individuals (peninsulares). This fueled resentment and a desire for equal treatment and rights.
Desire for Local Control: Many Mexicans, including priests like Miguel Hidalgo, wanted the opportunity for self-governance and the establishment of a nation free from foreign control. They aimed to create a more just, equitable, and independent society.
Inspiration from Enlightenment Ideas: The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement emphasizing individual rights, liberty, and self-determination, had a profound impact on intellectuals and priests in New Spain. Miguel Hidalgo and others were inspired by these ideas to challenge Spanish colonial authority.
Pre-Hispanic Cultural Revival: Some intellectuals and priests drew on pre-Hispanic Indigenous cultures and traditions as sources of inspiration for a distinct Mexican identity. They sought to revive and reclaim historical practices, languages, and customs, promoting a sense of pride and collective struggle against foreign rule.
Catalyst: Several events, such as the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and the dethronement of King Ferdinand VII in 1808, weakened Spanish authority and emboldened local intellectuals and leaders to challenge Spanish dominance.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's call for independence aimed to address the social, political, and economic injustices experienced by the Mexican people and pave the way for a sovereign and self-determined nation.
