North America's spine is defined by massive cordilleras: the Rocky Mountains stretching from Canada to New Mexico, the ancient Appalachian Mountains in the east, the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range on the Pacific coast, and the Brooks Range and Alaska Range in the far north. Notable sub-ranges include the Black Hills, Wasatch Range, Ozarks, and White Mountains.
The Colorado Plateau (famous for the Grand Canyon), the vast Great Plains stretching from Canada to Mexico, the Columbia Plateau of basalt flows, the Edwards Plateau in Texas, and the Yukon Plateau in the northwest dominate the interior.
Arid regions include the Mojave, Sonoran, Great Basin, and Chihuahuan Deserts, with Death Valley holding the record for the hottest temperature on Earth.
Forests range from the temperate Pacific Northwest Rainforests and Rocky Mountain Forests to the Southern Appalachian, Great Lakes, Northeastern, and Central Hardwood Forests. Grasslands include the Great Plains, California, Texas, Palouse, and Camas Prairie.
Critical wetlands feature the Mississippi River Delta, Everglades, Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound, Hudson Bay, and the Great Lakes system. Coastlines span the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, Arctic, Hudson Bay, and Baffin Bay.