1. England: John Cabot, who explored the Newfoundland and Labrador coast in 1497, and Henry Hudson, who explored the Hudson River in 1609.
2. France: Jacques Cartier, who explored the St. Lawrence River in 1534 and Samuel de Champlain, who founded Quebec City in 1608.
3. Spain: Juan Ponce de León, who explored Florida in 1513, and Hernando de Soto, who explored the southeastern United States in 1539-1542.