- The improvements in agricultural technology and techniques, such as the introduction of the three-field system and water mills, allowed for a surplus of food production.
- This surplus in food led to a dramatic decrease in the mortality rates, while at the same time, the birth rates stayed high.
- Additionally, the economic prosperity of the 13th century resulted in an increase in the standard of living, improved sanitation, and access to better healthcare.
- These factors combined to contribute to the surge in population density in England during this time.