Sarsen stones (sandstone) from Marlborough Downs; bluestones (igneous) from Preseli Hills, Wales. Shaped with antler picks, stone hammers.
Likely sledges on rollers, oxen or human teams; log rafts for river segments. Routes debated.
Earthen ramps raised uprights; levers and ropes placed lintels. Joint‑and‑tenon joints secured trilithons.
Stones positioned for solstice sunrise and other celestial events, adjusted until precise.
Exact methods remain under study, but the feat demonstrates remarkable Neolithic engineering.