Southwest Airlines is the only airline that officially publishes its underseat dimensions, specifically to help pet owners figure out if their carriers will fit easily inside the cabin. On a Southwest Boeing 737, the following dimensions are provided: window and aisle seats are 19 inches long by 14 inches wide by 8.25 inches high.
Middle seats are the same dimensions, but are 19 inches wide.
Although other airlines don't publish their underseat dimensions, they do have fairly similar standards for carry-on baggage size. Air France, Delta Airlines, Northwest Airlines, United Airlines, US Airways and Virgin Atlantic all specify that a carry-on bag must not exceed 22 inches by 14 inches by 9 inches (or 45 inches total).
Other airlines follow approximately the same carry-on size regulations, give or take a few inches. AirTran specifies a 55-inch carry-on; Alaska Airlines regulates 24 inches by 17 inches by 10 inches; American Airlines specifies 45 inches; America West and Continental are 51 inches; British Airways regulates 22 inches by 16 inches by 8 inches; and Spirit is 22 inches by 14 inches by 10 inches.