Kashmir Conflict: India-Pakistan Dispute Remains Unresolved

The conflict over Kashmir has not ended. Since 1947, India and Pakistan have fought three major wars (1947–48, 1965, 1971) and the Kargil conflict (1999) over the region. Both claim the entire former princely state; each controls a portion (India: Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh; Pakistan: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) separated by the Line of Control (LoC).

Key flashpoints:

• Article 370 revocation (2019): India ended J&K's special status; bifurcated into two Union Territories.
• Ceasefire violations along LoC are frequent.
• Insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir persists.
• Diplomatic deadlock: No bilateral talks since 2012; international mediation rejected by India.

The dispute is a core driver of South Asian instability—nuclear-armed neighbors, contested territory, competing national identities. No resolution in sight.