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Before 1216:
1. Strategic Location: Rochester Castle was built on a strategically important site on the River Medway in Kent, England. Controlling this location provided control over a key route into London and made it an important defensive point.
2. Norman Conquest: After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Rochester became one of the first areas where they built a motte-and-bailey castle. This early wooden castle served as a stronghold against potential rebellions.
3. Royal Residence: Rochester Castle's proximity to London made it favored by various English monarchs who used it as a temporary residence and administrative center during their travels. Henry I and King John were among the rulers who frequently visited the castle.
After 1216:
1. Magna Carta and Conflict: King John's signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 led to conflicts between royal forces and rebel barons. As a result, several castles, including Rochester Castle, came under the control of rebel factions.
2. Royal Recapture: In 1216, King John's forces, led by William d'Albini, successfully retook Rochester Castle. The siege caused the original fortifications to suffer significant damage.
3. Rebuilding and Fortifications: After reclaiming the castle, King John undertook an extensive rebuilding program to strengthen and expand its defenses. The iconic stone keep we see today, as well as curtain walls and additional towers, were built during this period.
4. Military Significance: With its powerful walls and improved defenses, Rochester Castle became a well-fortified royal possession with a garrison stationed to maintain control of the region.
In summary, Rochester Castle's location was chosen for its strategic value, while the building phases before and after 1216 were directly shaped by conflicts, military needs, and shifts in control during important periods in English history.