Economic factors:
- The discovery of valuable mineral resources, particularly gold, in the region attracted the attention of European powers, especially the British South Africa Company (BSAC). The economic potential of the region played a crucial role in driving colonisation efforts.
Imperial ambitions:
- European countries were engaged in a global race for territorial expansion and the acquisition of colonies. Britain, in particular, sought to expand its empire and secure access to new markets and resources.
Political manoeuvring:
- Cecil John Rhodes, the founder of the BSAC, was a prominent figure in British colonial expansion and had significant political influence. He used his connections and resources to secure concessions from Lobengula and advance the colonisation agenda.
Technological advancements:
- The late 19th century witnessed significant advancements in transportation, communication, and weaponry, which facilitated European exploration and colonisation of Africa.
Internal conflicts:
- There were internal conflicts within the Ndebele kingdom, including the rise of rival factions and challenges to Lobengula's authority. These internal divisions weakened the kingdom's ability to resist colonisation efforts.
Misunderstandings and lack of clarity:
- The negotiations and agreements between Lobengula and the BSAC were marked by misunderstandings and a lack of clarity, leading to disputes over the terms and boundaries of the concessions.
It is essential to recognise the broader context of 19th-century colonialism, characterised by Europe's global dominance, economic interests, political motivations, and technological advantages. While Lobengula's actions and decisions had consequences, blaming him solely for the colonisation of Zimbabwe oversimplifies a complex historical process.
