Major Events in China (1850s–1870s)

China in the Mid-19th Century: Conflict and Reform

Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864)

Massive civil war led by Hong Xiuquan (claiming to be Jesus's brother) against the Qing Dynasty. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established in Nanjing. Eventually crushed by Qing forces with Western support.

Second Opium War (1856–1860)

British and French vs. Qing, sparked by trade disputes and opium. Western victory led to Treaty of Tientsin, granting greater market access.

Nian Rebellion (1853–1868)

Another major northern uprising against the Qing, eventually suppressed.

Tongzhi Restoration (1861–1875)

Period of relative peace and attempted modernization under the Qing. Ultimately undermined by internal conflicts and continued foreign pressure.