Acquire a business visa. This will act as both your residency permit and work permit. A one-month business visa is for sale at the airport and most border crossings for $25. All that is required is a completed visa application (available at the borders and or on-board the flights) and two passport photos (although this can be avoided by paying a small fee, usually $1 to $3 USD). You may also apply for a business visa at your local Cambodian embassy, but, with the exception of a handful of nationalities who are on the Cambodian government blacklist (mainly Middle Eastern and African countries), this isn't necessary.
Apply for a business visa extension for either six or 12 months. There are many hotels and travel agencies around Cambodia offering this service. Another pair of passport photos will be required. The fee for the extension isn't standardized and depends on the individual service provider you are going through. Three-month extensions also exist, but do not include multiple entry privileges and are thus impractical for long-term residents. Business visas can be extended an unlimited number of times.
Search for a job using the Internet and newspapers. Two English-language daily newspapers, the Phnom Penh Post and Cambodia Daily, post job listings. Bong Thom also lists job offerings on its website.
Apply for the job you are looking for. English teaching jobs are the most common job available to foreigners, and there tends to be a high turnover of teachers. Many international, non-governmental organizations also hire foreign specialists, as do various businesses. Contacting a potential employer before arriving in Cambodia is useful, but not required.