Both levels operate under the Westminster parliamentary system and share core institutional parallels:
| Feature | Federal (Canada) | Provincial (e.g., Ontario) |
|---|---|---|
| Legislature | Parliament: House of Commons (elected) + Senate (appointed) | Legislative Assembly (elected MPPs/MLAs/MNAs) — unicameral |
| Executive | Prime Minister + Cabinet (Ministers) | Premier + Cabinet (Ministers) |
| Head of State Rep | Governor General | Lieutenant Governor |
| Judiciary | Supreme Court of Canada, Federal Court, Tax Court | Provincial Superior Court, Court of Appeal, Provincial Court |
| Law-Making | Acts of Parliament (federal jurisdiction: s.91) | Acts of Legislature (provincial jurisdiction: s.92) |
| Revenue | Income tax, GST, corporate tax, customs | Income tax (collected by CRA), PST/HST share, resource royalties, property tax (municipal) |
| Accountability | Elections (max 4 yrs), Question Period, Auditor General | Elections (max 4-5 yrs), Question Period, Auditor General |
| Public Services | Defence, foreign affairs, immigration, criminal law, banking, postal | Healthcare, education, highways, natural resources, municipalities, property/civil rights |
Both are responsible government: executive drawn from & accountable to legislature.