Microplastic Ingestion: Microplastics, which are small plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in size, are abundant in the GGP. Coral reefs are home to various marine organisms that can ingest these microplastics, mistaking them for food. Ingestion of microplastics can cause physical damage to the organisms' digestive systems and may also lead to toxic effects, reducing their fitness and survival.
Blockage of Sunlight: The accumulation of plastic debris on the ocean's surface, including within the GGP, can reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the coral reefs below. Light is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which corals obtain energy from sunlight and convert it into food. Reduced light availability can affect the growth, health, and overall productivity of coral colonies.
Habitat Alteration: Plastic debris can accumulate on coral reefs, altering their natural habitat. Large plastic items, such as abandoned fishing nets or large pieces of plastic, can physically damage coral colonies or smother them, blocking their access to sunlight and essential nutrients. The presence of excessive amounts of plastic debris can also degrade the overall aesthetics and ecological value of coral reef ecosystems.
Entanglement and Ghost Fishing: Marine organisms, including those inhabiting coral reefs, can become entangled in plastic debris. Plastic items such as fishing nets or lines can trap and injure coral reef inhabitants, potentially causing fatalities and disrupting the ecological balance of the reef. Ghost fishing, where lost or discarded fishing gear continues to trap and kill marine life, can further contribute to the decline of fish populations that are ecologically linked to coral reefs.
Pollution and Toxic Substances: Plastic debris in the GGP can adsorb and concentrate various pollutants and toxic substances present in the ocean. These pollutants, such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and plastic additives, can leach into the water column and be ingested or absorbed by marine organisms, including those inhabiting coral reefs. Toxic substances can harm coral reef organisms, causing health issues, reproductive problems, and reduced resistance to diseases.
Overall, the presence of the Great Garbage Patch and its associated plastic pollution can negatively impact coral reefs through various mechanisms, including microplastic ingestion, blockage of sunlight, habitat alteration, entanglement, and pollution. To protect coral reefs, efforts are needed to reduce plastic pollution, manage waste effectively, and raise awareness about the importance of these valuable marine ecosystems.
