What countries has scientific bases on Antarctica?

1. Argentina: Argentina operates seven scientific bases in Antarctica: Carlini Base, Esperanza Base, Marambio Base, San Martin Base, Orcadas Base, Belgrano II Base, and Jubany Base.
2. Australia: Australia operates three scientific bases in Antarctica: Mawson Station, Davis Station, and Casey Station.
3. Brazil: Brazil operates three scientific bases in Antarctica: Comandante Ferraz Station, Zeno Antarctica Station, and King Sejong Station (jointly operated with South Korea)
4. Bulgaria: Bulgaria operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: St. Kliment Ohridski Base and Livingston Island Base.
5. Chile: Chile operates four scientific bases in Antarctica: Eduardo Frei Montalva Base, Presidente Pedro Aguirre Cerda Base, Bernardo O'Higgins Base, and Gabriel González Videla Base.
6. China: China operates four scientific bases in Antarctica: Zhongshan Station, Kunlun Station, Great Wall Station, and Taishan Station.
7. Ecuador: Ecuador operates one scientific base in Antarctica: Pedro Vicente Maldonado Antarctic Scientific Base.
8. Finland: Finland operates one scientific base in Antarctica: Aboa Scientific Base.
9. France: France operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Dumont d'Urville Station and Concordia Station (jointly operated with Italy).
10. Germany: Germany operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Neumayer-Station III and Kohnen Station.
11. India: India operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Maitri Station and Bharati Station.
12. Italy: Italy operates three scientific bases in Antarctica: Mario Zucchelli Station, Terra Nova Bay Station, and Concordia Station (jointly operated with France).
13. Japan: Japan operates three scientific bases in Antarctica: Showa Station, Dome Fuji Station, and Mizuho Station.
14. Korea: South Korea operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: King Sejong Station (jointly operated with Brazil) and Jang Bogo Station.
15. New Zealand: New Zealand operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Scott Base and McMurdo Station.
16. Norway: Norway operates three scientific bases in Antarctica: Troll Station, Tor Station, and Svea Station.
17. Peru: Peru operates one scientific base in Antarctica: Machu Picchu Scientific Station.
18. Poland: Poland operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station and the Janusz Grabowski Antarctic Station.
19. Russia: Russia operates seven scientific bases in Antarctica: Bellingshausen Station, Mirny Station, Novolazarevskaya Station, Progress Station, Russkaya Station, Vostok Station, and Leningradskaya Station.
20. South Africa: South Africa operates three scientific bases in Antarctica: SANAE IV Station, Marion Island Base, and Gough Island Base.
21. Spain: Spain operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Juan Carlos I Base and Gabriel de Castilla Station.
22. Sweden: Sweden operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Wasa Station and Svea Station (jointly operated with Norway).
23. Ukraine: Ukraine operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Vernadsky Research Base and Akademik Vernadsky Station.
24. United Kingdom: The United Kingdom operates two scientific bases in Antarctica: Rothera Research Station and Halley Research Station.
25. United States: The United States operates three scientific bases in Antarctica: McMurdo Station, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, and Palmer Station.

These scientific bases are used to conduct research in various fields, including atmospheric sciences, biology, ecology, geology, glaciology, oceanography, and physics. They also provide support for expeditions and logistical operations in Antarctica.