In Roman times, the Netherlands formed the border between conquered and barbaric lands and throughout the centuries, the region would continue to be fought over by Europe's great powers. Amsterdam is first referenced in the Count of Holland's toll concession in October 1275. It was founded as a fishing village near a dam in the Amstel River. By 1585, Amsterdam had become one of the largest markets in the world and the city grew tremendously from the commercial success. The 17th century saw the transition of trade from products to money, as Amsterdam emerged as Europe's financial center. Despite a brief period of recession as the 19th century arrived, thanks to advances of the Industrial Revolution, new factories brought an influx of workers and the city expanded to accommodate its new residents. The North Sea Canal was constructed in the late 19th century as well as a major expansion of the Dutch railway system. The Netherlands remained neutral during WWI, although the difficulties of the rest of the continent affected the country as well. Germany invaded in 1940 but Amsterdam was saved from major damage. Through the rest of the 20th century, Amsterdam would become known for its liberal policies toward drugs, prostitution and same-sex marriage.
Those seeking art can discover classic paintings by the Old Masters--including Vermeer and Rembrandt--at the Rijksmuseum or wander through the world's largest collection of Van Gogh paintings at the museum that bears his name. The house where Anne Frank spent her years in hiding is one of the most visited places in the city. The NEMO Science center--the largest science center in the Netherlands--offers hands-on science and technology exhibitions. Its roof provides panoramic views of the city and even a beach in the summer. In front of the science center is a replica of "The Amsterdam," an 18th-century ship used by the Dutch East India Company, which evokes the days when the Dutch sailed around the world to import goods.
When traveling to Amsterdam, consider purchasing an I Amsterdam card, which provides admission to 30 of the city's most popular museums and attractions, gives unlimited use of public transportation, discounts at activities and comes with a free guidebook. The card is available in 24-, 48- or 72-hour increments and can be purchased online or at several locations around the city, including Schipol Airport, the Centraal Station, Canal Bus kiosks or at various hotels.
Amsterdam offers as many activities as it does attractions. Cycling, Amsterdam residents' preferred mode of transportation, can be an inexpensive way for visitors to get a glimpse of the city's way of life. Bicycles can be rented at various locations throughout the city, such as the Centraal Station, the Leidseplein and the Dam. Most rental places will provide maps and guides for tours of the city or visitors can take part in a group guided tour.
Boat tours are available of Amsterdam's system of canals. Tours will provide a different view of the city's historic locations and its remarkable architecture. If visiting the city during a cold winter, try skating the canals instead.
The Red Light District attracts many tourists who just wish to witness this uniquely Amsterdam area. The area has a party atmosphere between the bars and coffeehouses. While Amsterdam is a safe city and the Red Light District is patrolled continuously, care should be taken while walking in quieter streets or at late hours. Amsterdam's smoking coffee shops are a stop for many visitors seeking to partake in the legal access to marijuana.
Amsterdam enjoys the climate of Western Europe, with cool winters and mild summers. Rain is not isolated to any one season, which means travelers should plan ahead with umbrellas and raincoats. Spring and summer provide the best weather for visiting. A visit in May will allow viewings of the blooming tulips.
One of Europe's largest airports, Schipol, is located just outside of the city and international flights from around the world arrive continually. Amsterdam is easily accessible via train travel from around the Netherlands and Europe into the Centraal Station.
