1. Subsistence farming: This was the most common form of agriculture in Europe until the 18th century. Subsistence farmers grew crops and raised animals primarily to feed their own families and local communities, with little or no surplus for trade.
2. Open-field system: This was a common method of farming in medieval Europe. Under the open-field system, a village would have a large, open field that was divided into strips of land. Each peasant farmer would have several strips of land scattered throughout the field, which were assigned to them by the village. This system allowed for some crop rotation and helped to prevent soil exhaustion.
3. Crop rotation: Crop rotation is a practice of growing different crops in the same field in a sequence over multiple growing seasons. This helps to maintain soil fertility and prevent the buildup of pests and diseases. Crop rotation was practiced in Europe from the Middle Ages onwards, and became increasingly important as agricultural productivity increased.
4. Enclosure movement: The enclosure movement was a period in the 18th and 19th centuries when common land in Europe was privatized and enclosed for agricultural use. This led to the consolidation of small farms into larger ones and the displacement of many rural laborers.
5. Industrial agriculture: Industrial agriculture is a method of farming that uses advanced technology and machinery to increase productivity and efficiency. Industrial agriculture developed in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries and has become the dominant form of agriculture in many countries.
