- Damage to infrastructure: Towns, villages, roads, and bridges in the affected areas were severely impacted. Around 5,000 homes were destroyed or damaged, leaving many people homeless. Infrastructure damage further limited emergency relief efforts.
- Psychological impact: Survivors experienced trauma, grief, and psychological distress. Many struggled with loss, displacement, and the aftermath of the devastation.
- Displacement and migration: Many individuals and families were displaced from their homes and communities. Some resettled in safer areas within Colombia, while others chose to migrate to different parts of the country or even abroad in search of stability and better opportunities.
- Economic impact: Agriculture and livestock in the region were severely affected by the mudflows, impacting the livelihoods of many people who relied on these industries. Economic activity was disrupted, leading to job losses and increased poverty levels in the affected areas.
- Environmental consequences: The eruption caused ecological damage, including deforestation and alterations in the landscape. Rivers and waterways were contaminated with volcanic ash and sediment, affecting aquatic life and ecosystems. Remediation and restoration efforts were required to address the long-term environmental impact.
- Government response and policies: The disaster spurred evaluations and discussions about disaster prevention, emergency response, and risk management in Colombia. It led to the strengthening of disaster preparedness measures and the establishment of new policies aimed at mitigating the effects of future natural hazards.
