What Children Learn in Spanish Schools: Curriculum Overview

Spain's education system (LOMLOE, 2020) provides a structured, comprehensive curriculum across three stages. Here's what students study at each level.

Primary Education (Ages 6–12)

Compulsory, free, and universal. Core subjects:

• Spanish Language & Literature: Reading, writing, grammar, oral expression; co-official languages (Catalan, Basque, Galician) in respective regions.
• Mathematics: Numeracy, operations, geometry, fractions, decimals, problem-solving.
• Natural Sciences: Biology, physics, chemistry basics—ecosystems, human body, energy, matter.
• Social Sciences: History, geography, civics—local to global perspectives.
• Art & Music: Visual arts, music appreciation, creativity, cultural heritage.
• Physical Education: Sports, fitness, coordination, health education.
• Foreign Language: Usually English from Year 1; sometimes French/German later.
• Ethics / Religion: Optional Catholic religion or secular ethical values (Valores Éticos).

Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO, Ages 12–16)

Four years (1º–4º ESO). Core curriculum:

• Spanish Language & Literature
• Mathematics (Academic or Applied track from 3º)
• Geography & History
• Physics & Chemistry / Biology & Geology (alternating years)
• Technology & Digitalization
• Physical Education
• Foreign Language (English)
• Electives: Second foreign language, Arts, Music, Classical Culture, Religion/Ethics, etc.

Upper Secondary (Bachillerato, Ages 16–18)

Two-year pre-university program with four modalities:

• Sciences & Technology: Math, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Technical Drawing.
• Humanities & Social Sciences: Latin/Greek, History, Economics, Geography, Literature.
• Arts: Visual Arts, Design, Audiovisual Culture, Performing Arts.
• General: Flexible mix (less common).

All include Philosophy, Spanish Language, History of Spain, and a research project (Trabajo de Investigación).

Key Features

Inclusive education, competency-based assessment, digital competence, and attention to diversity (special needs, high ability) are cross-cutting priorities.