The Vermont State Seal: Two Sides, One Story of Freedom and Unity

Vermont's Great Seal: Symbolism Cast in 1777

Vermont adopted its state seal in 1779, designed by Ira Allen (obverse) and later Rodney Rood (reverse). It remains one of the most pictorial and narratively rich seals in the U.S.

Obverse (Front): "Freedom and Unity"

Designer: Ira Allen, 1778 (adopted 1779)

Scene: A landscape view of the Green Mountains under a setting sun over Lake Champlain. In the foreground:

• A tall white pine tree (Vermont's timber wealth, also on the flag).
• A sheaf of wheat (agriculture).
• A cow grazing in a grassy field (dairy heritage).

Banner above: "FREEDOM AND UNITY" — the state motto.

Date below: "1777" — year of Vermont's constitution and declaration of independence (as the Vermont Republic).

Reverse (Back): The Coat of Arms

Designer: Rodney Rood (later refinement)

Shield divided into three tiers:

• Top: A buck (stag) standing in a forest — natural beauty, wildlife.
• Middle: A woman holding a cornucopia — agricultural abundance, prosperity.
• Bottom: A mountain with a rising sun — rugged terrain, hope, future.

Banner above shield: "VERMONT" and "SEAL OF THE STATE OF"

Date below: "1777"

Usage

• Official documents, legislation, commissions.
• Distinct from the state coat of arms (used on the flag) and the state emblem (used by agencies).
• The motto "Freedom and Unity" captures Vermont's ethos: independent spirit (first to abolish slavery, 1777) + communal responsibility.

Few state seals tell such a complete visual story: mountains, water, forest, farm, dairy, wildlife, sunrise, and a motto that still resonates.