- Most common mode of transportation
- Used for short distances and travel between nearby villages or towns
Horses:
- Mainly used for transportation of goods
- Rarely used for personal travel due to high cost and limited availability
Oxen:
- Used for pulling carts carrying heavy goods
- Slower than horses but more affordable
Pal轿anquins:
- Enclosed litter carried by porters on their shoulders
- Used by wealthy individuals, especially in urban areas
Boats:
- Transportation along rivers and coastlines
- Mainly used for trade, fishing, and travel between coastal settlements
Horseback Riding:
- Horses were used for transportation by the samurai and other members of the upper classes.
- Warriors rode horses into battle, and nobles used them for travel.
Rickshaws:
- Introduced in the late 19th century
- Human-powered vehicles pulled by one or more people
- Used for transporting people over short distances in urban areas