Aerodynamics includes airfoil design, the atmosphere's effect on lift, and forces acting on an airplane in flight. The airfoil is the basic shape of a wing, typically designed with a curved upper surface and flat bottom. The amount of lift the airfoil is capable of producing is impacted by the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere. Pilots are taught the theory and application of lift and how these forces are applied to an aircraft.
Pilots are taught the theory of weather systems and how to read current and forecast weather reports. In addition, tracking pressure systems, fronts and other weather conditions is vital for planning routes and making the decision to cancel or delay a flight.
Aircraft systems include the engine, flight controls, electrical, pressurization, hydraulic systems, fuel and installed accessories. Pilots study how each system functions to properly inspect and operate the different parts of the plane.
The Federal Aviation Administration has developed standard flight patterns, signs, lights and markings for airports. Pilots are expected to recognize different operating areas of an airport, and different arrival and departure procedures, based on the type of airport and weather conditions.
Pilots are required to be familiar with a variety of Federal Aviation Regulations including Part 61, which regulates certification and currency, Part 71 and 73 which designate airspace and Part 91, which describes general operating and flight rules.
Flight planning begins with plotting the course using a variety of visual checkpoints, GPS coordinates and radio aids are all depicted on the map. The aircraft flight manual is used to determine power settings, takeoff and landing distances, fuel burn, weight and balance, speed and climb settings. Pilots must know how to gather information about the destination airport, restricted airspace, possible hazards along the route, radio frequencies for air traffic control and other factors impacting the flight.
Flying can cause a number of health and spatial orientation issues that can seriously impact the safety of flight. Pilots are expected to recognize conditions they may experience such as hypoxia, dehydration and other medical conditions that impair judgment and function. Illusions in flight are a common hazard that pilots must recognize to avoid placing the aircraft in an unsafe position. False sensations or illusions of height may be experienced at night or during times of low visibility and must be overcome through education and experience.
