What are the five forces that act upon bridges?

Dead load: The weight of the bridge itself, including the deck, girders, piers, and abutments.

Live load: The weight of vehicles, pedestrians, and other objects that move across the bridge.

Wind load: The force of the wind blowing against the bridge.

Seismic load: The force of an earthquake shaking the bridge.

Hydrodynamic load: The force of water flowing around the bridge piers and abutments.

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