Chapter 10
The Triumphs of Gaius Julius Caesar
As the consul Julius Caesar was preparing for his Gallic triumph, Quintus Cicero, who was then living with his brother Marcus, wrote to Atticus, as follows:—
On the fourth of August Caesar made his entry; I was there. There was a great mob, but few persons of distinction. In truth the pageant had an air of antiquity and of the old republic. There was nothing either splendid or magnificent; indeed, if you take away the display of the gold, there was not much to look at. In a long procession were borne statues, pictures, and spoils. The spoils of the Gauls excited my special wonder, as much for their great quantity and quality, as for their new and unusual variety. The gold was not in ingots, nor was it in the coin of the enemy, but most artistically wrought in various shapes. What especially attracted my attention was the representation of the Rhone flowing through the middle of the plain; round it were the mountains of the Cevennes, while beneath the range stood a citadel built on a rock. This river, this mountain range, and this citadel were all of solid silver. There was also a model in gold of the town of Geneva. The representation was so elaborate, that even the lake on which the town is situated was clearly recognisable. Not merely the cities, but even the mountains, rivers, and forests which Caesar had encountered, had thus been reproduced. The golden crowns sent to Caesar by various states and princes made also an imposing show, the amount of the sums inscribed upon them being announced. There was, moreover, a long train of Gallic captives, but of these very few were of noble birth, and only one of supreme position—Vercingetorix. When Caesar himself began to be borne past, the applause was so loud and hearty as to prevent one's hearing oneself speak. The conqueror wore a purple toga embroidered with gold, and a cloak covered with a mass of gold spangles. His tunic shone resplendent with threads of gold, so that its colour could scarcely be distinguished; round his neck hung a breastplate set with jewels. His head was uncovered. It was really difficult to say whether the impression created by his outward appearance, or by the shouts of applause, were the more striking.
The most remarkable fact of all was that on the day of his Gallic triumph he dedicated the temple of Venus the Ancestress, which he had built in fulfilment of a vow which he had made during the civil war. In this temple he placed the statues of Venus, Caesar, and Clemency. He also deposited in the temple a pearl presented to him by Servilia, the mother of Marcus Brutus, for which he is said to have paid more than six million sesterces. The pearl hung from the ear of the statue of Venus.
He gave a banquet in the forum which was attended by twenty-two thousand guests, and every kind of provision was served and distributed in plenty. During the banquet there were theatrical entertainments, and on the following days gladiatorial shows; they lasted for three days.
Quintus Cicero to Atticus, written August 5th, 695 (59 bc)