Routine vaccinations provide protection from infectious diseases that may be common in other parts of the world, though uncommon in the United States, so they are especially important when traveling abroad. Those ages 0--18 years should follow the routine immunization schedule for childhood. For entry into certain countries, an accelerated schedule may be required, and/or a yellow fever vaccination. Infant vaccinations include the Hepatitis B shot, the Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis shot and the Pneumococcal vaccination. An annual influenza shot is recommended for those ages 6 months and up. Adults should have the Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis shot and the Pneumococcal vaccination every ten years and an influenza shot every year, among other recommendations. Consult the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccination Recommendation for Infants and Children site for information concerning age-appropriate immunizations.
Which vaccinations are recommended are determined by a number of factors, including destination, whether time will be spent in rural areas, the season of the year you are traveling, your age, health status and previous immunizations. For example, the CDC recommends that a traveler whose destination is China and intends to spend an extensive amount of time outdoors have the Rabies vaccination. Likewise, the CDC recommends that a China-bound traveler intending to spend an extensive amount of time in rural towns and villages have a Typhoid shot. Again, recommended vaccinations depend on destination and circumstances. Consult your health care provider about the recommended vaccinations particular to your circumstances.
The only vaccination required by International Health Regulations is the yellow fever vaccination, which is required when traveling to certain countries in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America. In addition, the Saudi Arabian government requires the meningococcal vaccination for annual travel during the Hajj. Visit the CDC's website for a list of yellow fever vaccination clinics near you.
Bear in mind that rules vary regarding the immunization requirements and restrictions placed by each country on those travelers with HIV or with altered immunocompetence. Pregnant women should consult their health care provider with regards to immunization requirements and individual circumstances.
