Relief on a map represents the three-dimensional shape of the Earth's surface—mountains, valleys, hills, plateaus, and other elevation features.
Lines connecting points of equal elevation. Close spacing = steep slopes; wide spacing = gentle slopes.
Simulated illumination (usually from northwest) creates 3D appearance; shadows show slope aspect and steepness.
Color bands assigned to elevation ranges (e.g., green lowlands, brown highlands) for quick visual differentiation.
Precise elevation numbers at specific points (summits, passes, lake surfaces).
Icons for cliffs, sand dunes, glaciers, caves, etc.
Relief maps enable users to understand terrain character, plan routes, assess flood risk, site infrastructure, and visualize landscapes.