1. Inaccessibility and Deep Water: Large areas of the seafloor are located in deep waters that are difficult or impossible for research vessels to reach. The abyssal plain, which constitutes a large portion of the ocean floor, is generally found at depths exceeding 4,000 meters. Exploring these extremely deep-sea regions requires specialized and expensive equipment, such as deep-sea submersibles, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and sonar systems.
2. Limited Light and Visibility: The underwater environment is characterized by limited natural light, particularly in deep waters. As sunlight penetrates the water, it undergoes absorption and scattering by water molecules, particles, and organisms. This reduced visibility poses challenges for marine scientists when taking measurements, capturing images, and navigating during mapping operations.
