Virginia Henderson’s Nursing Needs Theory: The 14 Basic Needs

Henderson (1897–1996) defined nursing as assisting individuals (sick or well) to perform 14 activities essential to health/recovery/peaceful death that they would do unaided if able. The nurse complements strength, will, or knowledge deficits.

Assumptions

• Person-centered, holistic.
• Nurse assists, doesn’t just “do tasks.”
• Needs change; care adapts.
• Collaboration with patient & team.

The 14 Basic Needs

1. Breathe
2. Eat & drink
3. Eliminate waste
4. Move & maintain posture
5. Sleep & rest
6. Dress/undress
7. Regulate body temperature
8. Hygiene & protection
9. Avoid danger
10. Communicate
11. Worship (faith)
12. Work
13. Play/leisure
14. Learn

Practice Implications

• Assess all 14 needs.
• Individualize care plan.
• Respect autonomy.
• Interdisciplinary collaboration.

Enduring framework for education, practice, research >50 years.