1. The Peace of Nijmegen: In 1678, several treaties collectively known as the Peace of Nijmegen were signed, ending a series of conflicts between France, the Netherlands, Spain, and their respective allies.
2. Glorious Revolution in England: In 1688, the Glorious Revolution took place in England, resulting in the overthrow of King James II and the accession of William III and Mary II as co-monarchs. This event had lasting impacts on the British political system.
3. War of the Spanish Succession: The War of the Spanish Succession lasted from 1701 to 1714 and involved most European powers. The war centered around the succession to the Spanish throne after the death of King Charles II of Spain without a direct heir.
4. Treaty of Utrecht: In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht concluded the War of the Spanish Succession. The treaty resulted in significant territorial changes in Europe and the establishment of Great Britain as a major power.
5. Great Northern War: The Great Northern War lasted from 1700 to 1721 and involved several countries in Northern Europe, primarily Sweden against a coalition led by Russia. The war resulted in territorial gains for Russia and the decline of Swedish power in the Baltic region.
6. Age of Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that emphasized rationality, scientific inquiry, and individual liberties. It took place primarily in Europe during the 18th century and had profound impacts on philosophy, science, and politics.
7. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, signed in 1748, ended the War of the Austrian Succession. The treaty confirmed the Pragmatic Sanction, which ensured the succession of Maria Theresa to the Habsburg territories.
8. Exploration and Colonization: During this time, European powers continued their exploration and colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. New territories were claimed, leading to the establishment of colonies and increased global trade.
These are just a few of the major events that occurred between 1678 and 1741, with Europe being the center of many of these developments before a focus would move towards the Americas.