A Guide to Fabric Types: Natural, Synthetic, Blended & Specialty

Fabrics fall into four broad categories based on fiber origin and construction:

Natural Fibers

• Cotton: Soft, breathable, absorbent; from seed bolls. Everyday wear, bedding.
• Linen: Strong, crisp, cool; from flax stems. Summer clothing, table linens.
• Wool: Warm, elastic, moisture-wicking; from sheep fleece. Suits, knits, outerwear.
• Silk: Lustrous, strong, thermoregulating; from silkworm cocoons. Luxury apparel, lingerie.

Synthetic Fibers

• Polyester: Durable, wrinkle-resistant, quick-dry; petroleum-based. Blends, activewear.
• Nylon: Strong, elastic, abrasion-resistant; petroleum. Hosiery, swimwear, outerwear.
• Acrylic: Wool-like warmth, lightweight; petroleum. Sweaters, blankets.
• Spandex/Elastane: Extreme stretch; polyurethane. Swim, dance, compression wear.

Blended Fibers

Engineered combinations optimizing properties: cotton/poly (easy care), wool/nylon (durability), silk/poly (washable luxury).

Specialty Fabrics (Construction-Based)

• Denim: Cotton twill, indigo-dyed warp. Jeans, jackets.
• Corduroy: Cut-pile ribs (wales). Pants, jackets.
• Velvet: Dense cut pile on silk/cotton/synthetic base. Evening wear, upholstery.
• Lace: Openwork, patterned. Lingerie, bridal, trim.

Fiber content, weave/knit structure, and finish together determine a fabric's hand, drape, durability, and care needs.