What external factors weekend the Mali empire?

Several external factors contributed to the eventual decline and fall of the Mali Empire:

1. Expansion and Internal Conflicts: The rapid territorial expansion of the Mali Empire through conquest put a strain on its resources and administrative capabilities. Internal power struggles and conflicts among different factions weakened the empire's cohesion and stability.

2. Berber and Songhai Invasions: The Mali Empire faced external threats from Berber and Songhai groups. In 1352, the Mossi people of Yatenga defeated a Mali army, weakening its hold over the southern region. In the late 15th century, the Songhai Empire, centered in Gao, conquered much of the Mali territory, eventually leading to the collapse of the Mali Empire.

3. Trade Competition and Economic Shifts: The rise of the Songhai Empire and other regional powers shifted trade routes and economic dominance away from the Mali Empire. This economic decline weakened the empire's financial resources and its ability to maintain control over its territories.

4. Environmental Factors: Desertification and drought in the Sahel region during the 14th and 15th centuries affected agricultural production and disrupted trade networks, further straining the Mali Empire's resources and economy.

5. Spread of Islam and Cultural Changes: The spread of Islam throughout West Africa challenged traditional animist beliefs and practices, leading to cultural shifts and tensions within the Mali Empire. These changes, along with the gradual decline in trade and wealth, contributed to a loss of morale and motivation among the empire's ruling class.

These external factors, combined with internal weaknesses and political challenges, ultimately led to the decline and eventual fall of the Mali Empire.