Key Historical Events in Chile

Pre-Columbian (10,000–1500 CE): Mapuche, Atacama, Diaguita cultures.
Spanish Arrival (16th C): Pedro de Valdivia conquers/colonizes.
Colonial Period (1541–1810): Spanish rule, forced labor, Catholic conversion.
Independence (1810–1818): Bernardo O'Higgins leads freedom from Spain.
War of the Pacific (1879–1884): Chile defeats Peru/Bolivia, gains Antofagasta.
Economic Growth (19th–20th C): Copper/nitrate exports drive industrialization.
Social Reforms (1930s–40s): Alessandri, Aguirre Cerda expand welfare, create Labour Code.
Allende Presidency (1970–73): Socialist reforms; ends in 1973 coup.
Pinochet Dictatorship (1973–90): Human rights abuses, economic reforms, repression.
Democratic Transition (1990–present): Stable democracy, growth, improved welfare.

Mexico