- The vast level to gently undulating alluvial deposits of the plain of the Indus and its tributaries extending over 2,500 km from the Arabian Sea to the foothills of the Himalayas, varying in width from 180 to 500 km.
- It is part of the great Indo-Gangetic plain, which extends south-west from the Himalaya Mountains across Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India to the Bay of Bengal.
- The plain is composed of fertile alluvial soil and is intensively cultivated, with cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, and fruits as the main crops.
- It is also a major source of natural gas and coal.
- The lower Indus plain is bounded on the west by the Kirthar Range, on the north by the Sulaiman Mountains and the Salt Range, and on the east by the Aravalli Range and the Thar Desert.
- The Indus River flows through the center of the plain, dividing it into the Sindh and Punjab provinces.
- The climate of the lower Indus plain is characterized by hot summers and mild winters.
- Summers can be extremely hot, with temperatures often exceeding 40 °C (104 °F), while winters are mild with temperatures between 10 to 15 °C (50 to 59 °F).
- The region receives an average of 200 mm (8 inches) of rainfall per year, mostly during the monsoon season between July and September.
- The lower Indus plain is home to a diverse population of over 150 million people, including Sindhis, Punjabis, and Baloch people.
- The largest cities in the lower Indus plain are Karachi, Hyderabad, and Lahore.
