Antarctic Research Stations: McMurdo, Amundsen-Scott, Palmer, Rothera, and More

Major year-round and seasonal research bases in Antarctica (by operator):

• USA: McMurdo Station (Ross Island, logistics hub), Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (geographic pole), Palmer Station (Anvers Island, marine bio).
• UK: Rothera (Adelaide Island), Halley VI (Brunt Ice Shelf).
• Germany: Neumayer III (Ekström Ice Shelf).
• France/Italy: Concordia (Dome C, high plateau, astronomy).
• Russia: Vostok (inland, coldest, ice cores), Mirny, Progress.
• Argentina: Esperanza (Hope Bay, Peninsula), Marambio, Belgrano II.
• New Zealand: Scott Base (Ross Island, near McMurdo).
• Australia: Casey (Wilkes Land), Davis, Mawson.
• South Africa: SANAE IV (Vesleskarvet, Dronning Maud Land).
• Others: Chile, China, Japan, Korea, India, Norway, Poland, Ukraine, etc. operate stations.

Most are coastal or on islands for logistics; a few (Vostok, Concordia, Amundsen-Scott) are deep interior.