1. Weathering and Erosion: Desert arches are constantly exposed to the elements such as wind, water, and temperature fluctuations. Over time, these elements cause weathering and erosion of the rock. Wind carries sand and other particles that act like sandpaper, gradually eroding the softer parts of the rock formation. Water, in the form of rainfall or condensation, can seep into cracks and crevices, causing the rock to weaken and break down.
2. Undercutting and Overhang: As the softer parts of the rock erode, the more resistant areas remain intact. This process of differential erosion creates an overhang, with a hollowed-out area beneath it. The formation begins to take the shape of an arch.
3. Collapse: Eventually, the weight of the overhanging rock may become too much for the remaining supports to bear. The arch may collapse, either partially or entirely. The collapse can happen suddenly or over a long period, depending on various factors such as the rock type and the rate of erosion.
4. Formation of Pedestal: If the arch collapses completely, the remaining standing column of rock is called a pedestal. Pedestals are common features in desert landscapes, often resembling giant mushrooms or pillars.
5. Erosion and Disintegration: Over millions of years, the pedestal and any remaining fragments of the arch continue to erode and disintegrate. The rock material is transported away by wind and water, leaving behind a smooth and relatively flat desert surface.
It's important to note that the rate at which a desert arch develops and collapses can vary greatly. Some arches may form and collapse within a few hundred thousand years, while others can take millions of years to go through these processes. The specific characteristics of the environment and the type of rock involved play a significant role in determining the lifespan of a desert arch.
