What tools where used for making Mount Rushmore?

Mount Rushmore National Memorial is known for its colossal sculptures of four U.S. Presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. The mountain carving was accomplished using various techniques, including blasting, drilling, and manual labor. Here are some of the primary tools and equipment used during the Mount Rushmore project:

1. Dynamite and Blasting:

- Dynamite: Large amounts of dynamite were used to blast away the granite to create the basic shapes of the presidents' faces. Workers positioned the dynamite charges strategically to remove excess rock and shape the mountain.

- Blasting Caps: Blasting caps were used to detonate the dynamite. They were attached to the dynamite sticks and connected to a fuse, allowing workers to control the timing of the explosions.

- Jackhammers: Jackhammers, also known as pneumatic drills, were utilized to drill holes into the granite for placing the dynamite charges. They were powered by compressed air and required skilled operators.

2. Drills and Pneumatic Tools:

- Pneumatic Drills: These drills were used for precision work, such as sculpting finer details and contouring the presidents' features. They were also powered by compressed air.

- Air Compressors: Air compressors provided the compressed air required to power pneumatic drills and jackhammers. They were an essential part of the project.

3. Sculpting Tools:

- Chisels: Handheld chisels, along with mallets, were used for delicate sculpting and shaping the granite.

- Rasps and Scrapers: These tools were used to smooth and refine the sculpted surfaces, removing any rough edges or imperfections.

4. Surveying and Measuring Equipment:

- Theodolites: Theodolites, precise optical surveying instruments, were used to measure angles and distances accurately. They helped ensure the accuracy and proper positioning of the sculptures.

- Levels: Levels ensured the sculptures were being created on a consistent plane.

5. Other Equipment and Materials:

- Steam Drills: Steam-powered drills were also utilized for drilling holes in the granite.

- Derricks and Cranes: These heavy lifting equipment were used to transport and position the heavy drilling machinery and other tools.

- Scaffolding: Scaffolding provided platforms and access for workers to reach different areas of the mountain during construction.

- Air Hoists: Air hoists were used to lift and move heavy materials during the construction process.

It's important to note that the Mount Rushmore project was primarily a hand-labor intensive undertaking, with skilled workers employing traditional tools and techniques to carve the enormous sculptures over the span of several decades.